Types of words

There are two types of words in English.

Content words
When they are alone, these words still have a meaning. For example:
house, school, beauty, dislike, begin, jump, happy, sad, important, quickly, now, fortunately
Grammar or function words
These words mean nothing when they are alone but they make the grammar of the language work. For example:
in, out, up, the, a, an, this, that, he, she, them, and, when, but

Content words

There are 4 types of content words in English.

NOUNS
Nouns are words for things, places, people and feelings.


things: lots of boxes	places: Venice in Italy

people: Abraham Lincoln	feelings: happiness

There are 3 main types. Here are some examples:

Proper nouns are for people and places:
George is in London
Russia is very large
There are lots of countries in The European Union
Mass nouns are for things which do not have a plural:
milk is expensive here
sugar is bad for me
the water is very cold
happiness is important
Count nouns refer to things we can have in the plural and most nouns are in this group:
I have a pencil and two pens
my house is here
dogs are not usually dangerous
I love trees
my country is beautiful
he's a teacher

You can find out more about nouns in the section on Names for things.

VERBS
Verbs are words for doing, thinking and being. There are 5 types of verbs.


doing: play golf	thinking: know the answer

being: he was the President	primary auxiliary: she has broken the jug

modal auxiliary: we can meet in the café

Here are some examples of the five main types of verbs:

Verbs describing actions, behaviour or feelings:
kick the ball
don't worry
the glass broke
I am watching TV
Verbs describing states and thinking:
I enjoy walking
I hope she is here
she hates pasta
it helps me work
Linking verbs join nouns to nouns and nouns to adjectives and show the connection between things:
I am in London
she became the manager
the car looks wonderful
she got older
there is a house on the corner
Auxiliary or helping verbs make tenses with other verbs:
I have broken the jug
she is working in Berlin
they got the car repaired
we don't visit museums
Modal auxiliary verbs show how you feel about other verbs. They do not stand alone but are always with other verbs:
we can meet in the café
she will go later
they must go
we used to work harder

You can find out more about verbs in the section on Doing and Being words

ADJECTIVES
Adjectives change nouns. We can say a house and we can say a big house.

one red pea

Adjectives can come before or after the noun they describe. For example:
1. It's a large house with a long garden (adjective before the noun)
2. The house is nice but the garden is very small (adjective after the noun, joined with a linking verb)
ADVERBS
Adverbs change verbs. We can say she talked and we can say she talked slowly.

moving quickly

Adverbs describe verbs (and can describe adjectives and other adverbs as well).
There are five types which answer different questions:
1. How?
  Adverbs of manner:
      He drove quickly
      He walked slowly
      She spoke happily
2. When?
  Adverbs of time:
      I'll arrive soon
      She left early
      I'm flying tomorrow
3. Where?
  Adverbs of place:
      Sit here
      Please smoke outside
      Come in
4. How often?
  Adverbs of frequency:
      She often works at home
      They never take a holiday
      We sometimes play cards
5. How much?
  Adverbs of degree:
      I like it a lot
      They really enjoy their food
      He drove very quickly
      She mostly enjoyed the play

In e. we have an example of the use of the adverb very which is unusual because it cannot directly modify a verb. It modifies adjectives and adverbs only.
You can find out more about adjectives and adverbs in the section on Describing words.

Here is the big picture:

content

Take a test to see if you have understood content words.

Grammar or Function words

These words mean nothing when they are alone. They must be part of a sentence for you to understand them. There are 4 different types of function words.

DETERMINERS
These words change how we see a noun. For example, we can have:
she has one cat, this cat is pretty, my cat is not very clever, some cats are in the garden, the cat wants food, a cat came into the house, which cat is your cat?
and the determiners change how we understand the words cat, garden and house.
Determiners always come in front of the noun and there are 5 types:


*the* cat is sleeping	*that* cat in the tree	*whose* cat is that?

*his* cat	*two* big cats

Here are some examples of the 5 types:

a, an, the
These are articles and they tell you if you are talking about a special noun or not. For example:
a cat came in (this is one cat that I don't know)
the cat came in (this is a cat I know)
this, that, these, those
These are demonstratives and they tell me where the cat is. For example:
This cat here
Those cats there
That cat in the garden
These cats in the garden
wh-words
These words make questions:
Which cat?
What cats?
Whose cat?
Who is that?
my, your, his, her, our, their
These are possessives and show us who has something. For example:
my cat is in the house
his cat is stupid
their cats are in the garden
some, many, a few, two, three, ten, a little, lots of, no, several
These are quantifiers and tell us how much or how many. For example:
There are four cats in the house
Several cats came in
Many cats are white
No cats are in the garden

PRONOUNS
These are small words which stand for things or people. There are two types:

Personal: she is playing golf Other: nobody is in the restaurant

Here are some examples:
1. I, me, you, she, he, it, her, him, we, us, they, them
  These are personal pronouns because they stand for people or things. The pronoun it stands for one thing only and the pronoun they stands for more than one thing or more than one person.
  For example:
  I want a cat
  She wants it
  We gave them a cat
  Please tell us
2. something, someone, anything, anyone, some, any, nothing etc.
  These do not stand for a special person or thing. For example:
  Do you want something?
  I have nothing to eat
  Can I give you some?
  Is anyone at home?
PREPOSITIONS
These words usually tell us when or where. They join the verb to the noun or pronoun and there are two main types:

Place: in the square Time: at 12:03
1. Place
  For example:
  He is waiting at the bus stop
  She is sitting in my chair
  They have lunch in the square
  The restaurant is in the corner of the square
2. Time
  For example:
  He will wait until 6 o'clock
  She came on Sunday
  They left after the film
  The train arrived at the right time
CONJUNCTIONS
These words join ideas together. There are three types:

Coordinating Subordinating

Correlating

Here are some examples:
1. Joining (coordinating) two equal ideas
  For example:
  He went to the market and he bought a new hat
  I telephoned but nobody answered
2. Making one idea depend on another (subordinating)
  For example:
  I came because he asked me
  She will come if she has time
3. Double (correlating) conjunctions put two ideas together
  For example:
  Both John and Mary came
  Whether he comes or not is important

Here is the big picture:

function

Take a test to see if you have understood function words.

Now, before you go on, take a longer test to make sure you know about types of words.

Study some more words

Now you can go on to look at each type of word.
Use the menu below to choose what you want to do.

nouns	types of noun, plurals, count and mass nouns
verbs	types of verbs, tenses and aspects
adjectives	types of adjective, adjective position and adjective order
adverbs	adverbs and verbs, adverbs and adjectives, adverbs and adverbs
prepositions	talking about place and time
conjunctions	joining ideas together
modal auxiliary verbs	like can, will, may, might etc.


Personal: she is playing golf	Other: nobody is in the restaurant


Place: in the square	Time: at 12:03


Coordinating	Subordinating

Correlating