Intensifying adverbs: emphasisers, amplifiers, downtoners

Intensifying adverbs have some unique characteristics.  They are common, especially in spoken language and their mastery can significantly enhance our learners' communicative powers.

A word of warning:

Any search of the web for these things will produce some misleading results.  In many cases, they will be wrongly (or even not) classified, wrongly described or not really adverbs at all.  The following attempts to avoid these pitfalls.
The reason for the confusion is often a naïve understanding of the term intensifier which, at first sight, seems to imply only making things stronger (because that's what it means in a non-technical sense).
This is, however, not a non-technical area.

Intensifying adverbs do not always increase the effect of item they modify, as a careless understanding of the term would suggest.
They can also suggest a low degree (downtoning) or an approximate degree.  They are all analysed here as intensifying adverbs because they all affect the intensity of what is said or written.

---

Three types

There are these three sorts of intensifying adverbs.  In these all the examples are of adverbs modifying adjectives to keep things simple but, as we shall shortly see, there are many other items that they can modify:

1. Amplifiers increase the strength of the item modified
   
   1. Maximisers denoting the extreme end of a scale:
          that is completely wrong
          you are totally mistaken
   2. Boosters which enhance the strength of the item:
          you are deeply mistaken
          that is severely limited
2. Emphasisers usually express the speaker's point of view, making it clear that something is to be considered emphatic and stressed.
   
       that is plainly untrue
       she's simply wonderful
       she is obviously uncertain
       that's even better
3. Downtoners diminish the strength of the item they modify
   
   They come in three shades:
   1. compromisers (a small group not considered here further which imply the speaker is not entirely certain)
          that's quite nice
          he's sort of friendly
   2. diminishers and minimisers which reduce the effect of the item they modify
          that's mildly interesting
          he's slightly irritating
          it's just possible
          that is not in the least entertaining
          this is merely technical
      (minimisers are generally negative in sense)
   3. approximators which suggest that the quality is close but not in fact quite there
          that's practically perfect
      but not perfect
          she's almost approachable
      but not actually approachable
          that's virtually illiterate
      but not fully illiterate

A note on distinguishing the forms:

if you want to distinguish precisely between an amplifier and an emphasiser, there is a simple test.
Amplifiers can appear in sentences such as:
    She didn't altogether enjoy the party but she enjoyed it a bit
Emphasisers in the same sort of sentence produce nonsense:
    *She really didn't enjoy the party but she enjoyed it a bit
(Thanks to Quirk et al, p444, for that.)

A note on fashion:

Amplifiers, and what are often called boosters in particular, go in and out of fashion as they become worn by overuse and lose their effect.  Expressions such as
    I'm terribly happy to see you
    She awfully nice
are now rarely heard although the boosters were in common parlance not too long ago and may well come back into fashion.
Recently, the booster so has become very common as in, for example:
    I so like your scarf
    I so enjoyed meeting his mother
and even modifying a noun phrase as in, e.g.:
    He is so the person I want to meet
etc. but it, too, will one day fall from use as it becomes stale and its strength is eroded.
Nobody knows what might replace it.  Perhaps heartily will see a return to fashion or a new booster altogether will be invented.
See also the comments on the use of well below.

One intensifier adverb, incredibly, has recently lost its sense of difficult or impossible to believe and now means something close to very, at least in careless and informal language.  It, too, will fall out of fashion and may even be restored to its previous meaning (with any luck).

---

What's so special?

Adverbs, of course, are also a subclass of adverbials and function to modify verb phrases and other language elements.  That is, however, not what concerns us here.  Linked below is a general guide to adverbs and a guide to adverbials and you can follow those links to consider a broader picture.

These intensifying adverbs perform some discrete functions.  They modify:

1. adjectives
2. other adverbs
3. prepositional phrases
4. determiners
5. noun phrases

Can you pick out what the adverbs, in black, are doing in the following examples?  Click here when you have a list.

1. He spoke extremely amusingly
2. That's very nice of you
3. He kicked the ball right out of the ground
4. Almost every boy came
5. I'm afraid her hair was rather a shambles

---

	Modifying an adjective
too hot to drink

Here are four more examples.  What's going on?  Click here when you have an idea.

1. She has a really beautiful face
2. It was a slightly mistaken view
3. The meal was hot enough
4. It is psychologically impossible for him to agree

---

	Modifying another adverb
playing astonishingly maturely

Here are some examples.  Which ones are acceptable and which aren't?  Why?  Click here when you have decided.

1. She spoke fantastically quickly
2. They came surprisingly early
3. I spoke interestingly persuasively
4. They understood quickly intelligently

---

	quite, rather, fairly
rather nice ice cream

These three words cause difficulty both semantically and syntactically so need separate treatment.  They are intensifiers, serving to amplify or tone down the item they modify and can be used with adjectives and adverbs.  There, unfortunately, the similarity ends.
Semantically, the strength of these three lies below too and very but much depends on co-text and context.
The usual way to describe the meaning is on a scale with fairly as the least powerful and rather as the strongest of the three.  That's actually rather misleading.

1. fairly
   is generally considered to be the weakest of the three, meaning something like moderately.  It serves to tone down the strength of what it modifies.
   1. It is used primarily with gradable adjectives and adverbs and not with those that represent one end of a scale or which are, in themselves, not scalable.  For example:
      1. We accept:
             She was fairly lucky to do so well
             We came home fairly late
             A fairly heavy snowfall slowed the traffic
             It was fairly probably that we would have more snow
             A fairly likely outcome is more expense
             I bought it fairly cheaply
             They came fairly quickly
             It rained fairly heavily last night
         but ...
      2. we do not accept:
             *That is fairly freezing
             *That was fairly delicious
             *The fairly boiling weather
             *I felt fairly devastated
             *She came fairly unexpectedly
         because these adjectives represent the extreme of a scale so cannot be modified with fairly.
      3. nor do we accept:
             *They were fairly alone
             *They were fairly identical
             *A fairly untrue statement
             *It was fairly perfectly done
             *He spoke fairly mistakenly
         because these adjectives are not scalable at all and cannot be modified with fairly.
   2. Very colloquially, however, fairly can be used with ungradable adjectives and some verbs and in this case it serves to amplify the sense rather than tone it down so we can hear (but not usually read) for example:
          I was fairly disgusted, I can tell you!
          It was fairly freezing in the car!
          He fairly rushed in
      etc.  In all these cases, the function of fairly to amplify the adjective or verb phrase is signalled by placing heavy stress on the whole adjective phrase.
   3. Determiner position:
      1. when fairly modifies a gradable adjective + noun phrase, it must come after the determiner, before the adjective so we get:
             a fairly good party
         or
             some fairly interesting books
         not
             *fairly a good party
         or
             *fairly some interesting books
   4. fairly cannot be used to intensify a noun so:
          *It is fairly a mess
          *They got fairly a bargain
      etc. are disallowed.
   5. fairly cannot modify a verb so:
          *I fairly like her
          *She fairly hopes to be here
      are not allowed.  (But see above for the colloquial use of fairly as an amplifier when it can modify a verb phrase.)
   6. fairly cannot modify comparative or superlative forms (see below for what can).  We cannot, therefore, have:
          *It was fairly better
          *She was fairly the tallest
2. quite
   is polysemous and causes difficulty because of its colligational characteristics with certain adjective and adverb types.  It can act to tone down or amplify what it modifies but there are restrictions.
   1. when it modifies gradable adjectives, it means moderately and tones the meaning down.
      1. so in:
             It was quite nice
             She was quite helpful
             They were quite disappointed
             They arrived quite quickly
             The boat sailed quite slowly
             The weather was quite good
         the adverb quite can be replaced with fairly with very little change to the sense.
   2. when quite modifies an unscalable adjective or one which already represents an extreme end of a scale, it means completely and amplifies.
      1. so, with extreme-end adjectives:
             She acted quite absurdly
             They are quite exhausted
             That is quite superb
         etc. the adverb is an amplifier
      2. and with unscalable adjectives:
             That is quite perfect
             You are quite wrong
             I am quite alone here
         it also amplifies.
   3. determiner position:
      1. when quite modifies a gradable adjective + indefinite article + noun phrase, it normally comes before the indefinite article so we prefer:
             quite a good party
         to
             a quite good party
         although both orders are possible.
      2. when quite co-occurs with the definite article, it must precede it so we allow
             quite the best outcome
         but not
             *the quite best outcome
      3. with other determiners, it follows the determiner, so we get:
             some quite nice pictures
         and not
             *quite some nice pictures
      4. when quite modifies an unscalable or extreme-end adjective, it can come in either position with any determiner so we get:
             quite a wonderful evening
         and
             a quite wonderful evening
   4. quite can amplify the sense of nouns and noun phrases.  For example:
          That was quite a party
          That was quite a fiasco
          He was quite an idiot to do that
   5. quite can modify verbs directly in the way that fairly cannot so we allow:
          I'd quite like to see her
          She quite enjoys parties
      etc., but not, as we saw above:
          *I'd fairly like to see her
          *She fairly enjoys parties
      If the verb is itself unscalable, the meaning is, again, completely:
          I quite agree with you
          I quite abominate sugar in tea
          I quite understand
      etc.
   6. quite cannot modify comparative forms (see below) but it can modify superlative forms and means completely.
      1. We cannot have:
             *It was quite nicer weather
             *That's quite more expensive
      2. but we allow:
             She was quite the most miserable guest
             It was quite the most delicious meal
3. rather
   is, in terms of strength in a mid-position between fairly and quite (in the sense of completely).
   1. rather acts to amplify positive attributes and tone down negative ones
      1. with positive attributes, especially when preceded by really, it is an amplifier
             That's really rather good
             That's rather generous of you
      2. with negative attributes, it tones down the power of the adjective
             That's rather ugly but it works
             She's really rather arrogant but has good reasons to be
   2. rather is the only one of the three used with comparative forms.
      1. We can have, therefore
             It was rather more expensive than I expected
             She is rather ruder than she should be
             I spoke rather more hastily than I should have
             They are rather hotter curries than I like
      2. but not
             *It was fairly more expensive
             *She spoke quite more rudely
             *They are fairly hotter
         etc.
   3. rather cannot, however, modify superlative forms so while we allow, e.g.:
          That was quite the stupidest thing to say
      we do not permit:
          *That was rather the stupidest thing to say
   4. rather can modify words at the extremes of scales and carries the meaning of considerably as in, for example
          The sisters are rather alike
          That was rather extraordinary
          The play was rather marvellous
          It was rather beautifully written
      etc.
   5. rather cannot, however, modify unscalable adjectives in the way that quite can.  So, we cannot have:
          *That is rather mistaken
          *She is not rather finished
          *Are you rather ready?
   6. Determiner position:
      1. when rather modifies either of the two types of adjective + noun phrase permitted, it can come before or after the determiner so we can have:
             rather a good party
             rather a wonderful outcome
             a rather good party
             a rather wonderful outcome
             some rather good food
      2. when rather is used with quantifiers, it follows but may not precede the determiner
             a few rather nice desserts
             twelve rather rude children
         but not
             *rather a few nice desserts
             *rather twelve rude children
   7. rather can also modify verbs directly as can quite.  So, we get:
          I rather / quite enjoyed the football
          We rather / quite liked the performance
      When it is used with ungradable verbs, however, rather does not carry the sense of completely as quite does.  There is, therefore, a difference between:
          I rather agree with you
      (= I tend to agree with you)
      and
          I quite agree with you
      (= I completely agree with you)
   8. rather can also amplify the sense of some nouns and noun phrases in the same way that quite can.  We can have, therefore:
          He's rather a fool
          That's rather a mess
   9. rather is the only one of these three adverbs which can precede too so we allow:
          That's rather too expensive
      but not
          *That's fairly too expensive
          *That's quite too expensive

Here's a summary of the main points only.  We have included the colloquial use of fairly with more extreme-end verbs.  Even with this inclusion, fairly is the least flexible of the adverbs.
It does, however, exist as a simple adverb of manner or disjunct along with its opposite so we can have:
    He judged the result fairly
    Unfairly, he awarded a penalty
etc.

---

	Modifying a prepositional phrase
straight into the river

This is quite a common occurrence but only a small group of intensifying adverbs can do it.  The effect can be to amplify, tone down or approximate the prepositional phrase.  Here are some examples:

• She is dead against the idea
  (Note that in, e.g.,
      She argued strongly against the idea
  the adverb is modifying the verb, not the prepositional phrase.)
• He submitted it well inside the deadline
• They walked way beyond the end of the lane
• She came shortly before the meeting started
• They married long after the child was born
• They live far away from me
• I want to come straight to the point
• He kicked it right over the fence
• His lecture was entirely / completely / totally / wholly over my head
• She fell clear through the ceiling
• She has been all over the world
• They were nearly in the clear
• She was almost in despair
• My house is directly opposite the petrol station
• I kept it well out of sight
• She arrived way after midnight
• It jumped clean over the fence
• He held exactly in the middle

The examples above include the five most common adverbs that can do this: dead, well, exactly, right and clear / clean which are all amplifiers.
The use of wide in wide of the mark is a fixed idiom deriving from archery.  In this case, it is adjectival rather than adverbial but behaves a little like a prepositional phrase in itself.  Compare, e.g.:
    His estimate was wide of the real cost
    The actual quantity was wide of the amount we wanted
The word is adverbial, however, in an expression such as
    Keep them wide apart
where it modifies the adverb apart.

Prepositional phrases can also be used with intensifiers which tone the meaning down or approximate so we allow, too:
    They fell almost into the river
    He put it nearly in the centre
    The car drove practically into the river
    His house is roughly behind that hill
    The dogs were kept wide apart from the other animals
    It was approximately opposite the garage

A fairly recent development is the extended use of the intensifying adverb well as a synonym for very.  It has occurred for centuries in expressions such as
    well pleased
    well organised
    well accepted
    well bred
    well educated
and operates as an intensifier for positive participial adjectives.  As is the case with very, it is not normally used to modify extreme or ungradable adjectives.
Of late, the use has also been developed beyond positive, participial and gradable adjectives in informal speech to include expressions such as
    well good
    well angry
    well annoyed
    well envious
    well amazed
    well heartbroken
etc.
There are those who denigrate this use as illiterate but time will tell whether it becomes acceptable and how durable it will be.

---

	Modifying a determiner
nearly all the guests

There are three sorts in these examples.  What are they?  Click here when you have an answer.

1. Absolutely no idea
2. Almost every student understood
3. Nearly a dozen came
4. Around twenty people arrived
5. He stayed about an hour

---

	Modifying a noun phrase
quite a storm

These are rare and often quite informal modifications.  Here are some examples:

1. It was quite some do
   (see above for more)
2. What a fool she has been!
3. He left the kitchen in rather / quite a mess
   (see above for more)
4. He is such a fool
5. We spent a good six hours on the essay
   (this is, in fact adjectival rather than an adverb modifier)

These, too, are sometimes classified as pre-determiners but for teaching purposes that is not a source of great concern.  Their function is to amplify the meaning of the noun.

---

Related guides
adverbs	for a general guide to this word class
prepositional phrases	these are sometimes modified by a small set of adverbs and are often adverbial in nature
adverbials	for a guide to other verb-phrase modifications
adjectives	for a guide to a related area
gradability	for more on scales of adverbs and adjectives
pre- and post-determiners	pre-determiners are mentioned twice in this guide

---

Click here for two short tests on this.

---

Reference:
Quirk, R, Greenbaum, S, Leech, G & Svartvik, J, 1972, A Grammar of Contemporary English Harlow: Longman

---