TKT Module 1 Revision: Lexis
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Examples are in black.
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Lexis |
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| In this
clause, can you describe the meaning of the verb? The light burned by eyes. Give one more example. |
The word is
not being used in its ordinary meaning (set on fire)but
is being used
metaphorically. We do not mean that the
light really burned my eyes.
Other examples are: He has never looked at another woman (meaning he has always been faithful) I have to take tons of books with me (meaning a lot of books) She's an absolute brick (meaning she is very reliable) |
| In this
clause, can you describe the meaning of the adjectives? She's not pig headed, just very determined. Give one more example. |
Here the
adjectives have different
connotations:
pig headed is negative and means unable to change direction determined is usually positive and means fixed on the target Examples are: They have lackeys to do all the hard work (negative) They have assistants to do all the hard work (neutral) |
| Define the term 'conversion' in
relation to word formation and give two examples. |
Conversion means changing the class of a word
without changing its form.
Examples are: They laugh at me (verb) They greeted it with a laugh (noun) The cooker must be clean (adjective) Please clean the cooker (verb) |
| Identify and explain the function
of the morphemes in unforgettably. Give one more example of each type. |
There are the following:
un-: a prefix meaning not. Other examples: mis- (wrongly), pre- (before) forget: a free morpheme Other examples: country, house, paper (which can all be combined with other morphemes or can stand alone) -able: a suffix making an adjective from the verb -ly: a suffix forming an adverb from an adjective Other examples: -tion (making a noun), -ise (making a verb) |
| Explain the difference between a
derivational and an inflexional suffix with examples. |
Derivational suffixes
change the word class by forming a new word.
Examples are:
nation: the base noun national: the adjective formed from the noun nationalise: the verb formed from the adjective nationalisation: the noun formed from the verb inflexional suffixes reflect grammar, in English number, tense and person: He imagines: the suffix -s indicates third person singular He imagined; the suffix -d indicates past tense The boys: the suffix -s indicates the plural The oldest boys: the suffix -est indicates the superlative The older boy: the suffix -er indicates comparative |
| Explain the following in terms of
word formation: doorbell space-saving loudspeaker Give one more example of each type. |
In doorbell
we have noun (door) + noun (bell)
compounding
In space-saving we have noun (space) + verb (saving) compounding (in this case the -ing form of the verb) In loudspeaker we have adjective (loud) + noun (speaker) making the compound. |
| Explain why we can say thick
fog but not heavy fog. Give another example of the issue. |
The issue
is collocation, here, adjective + noun collocation.
Other examples include: tall trees (not high trees) flat land (not even land) |
| Explain the part in black in this
sentence and give two more examples of the same thing: It's a make or break time for the business. |
The
expression make or break
is an example of a special kind of
idiom called a
binomial.
Other examples are:
more or less rain or shine sink or swim sooner or later take it or leave it |
| Explain the part in black in this
sentence and give two more examples of the same thing: He is so tired because he's studying for his final examination and burning the candle at both ends. |
burning the candle at both
ends means working late into the night and
starting again early in the morning.
This is an example of a fixed idiom in English that cannot be understood by understanding the individual words. Other examples are: The work is a piece of cake (very easy) I'm all ears (listening carefully) She's over the moon (very happy) |
| Explain, with two examples, what
you understand by a lexical chunk. |
A lexical chunk is a
phrase which acts
like, and is remembered like a single word,
making it, some say, easier to learn and use when
speaking and writing.
Examples are: It's up to you No way! How are you? I would like ... Not at all. |
| Explain the relationship between
the words in black: The water was completely transparent. The water was completely clear. Give two more examples. |
The
relationship is called
synonymy and that means that the words have the
same or a very similar meaning in these sentences.
Examples include: He spoke quickly and He talked fast She was worried and She was anxious His home was beautiful and His house was lovely |
| Explain the relationship between
the words in black: The man was huge The man was tiny Her grandfather came to the party His granddaughter came to the party The plan was flawed The plan was perfect |
All these
are examples of antonymy but of three kinds:
huge and tiny are opposites but gradable antonyms (the man may be tiny but still much larger than an ant and the man may be huge but still much smaller than a giraffe). grandfather and granddaughter are opposites but are converse antonyms. The existence of one of them means the existence of the other. flawed and perfect are opposites but complementary antonyms. If we put not front of them, we get the opposite meaning. |
| Explain the
relationship between the words in black: He has four means of transport: a car, a bike, a moped and a small van. |
We have a
superordinate (or
hypernym), means of transport,
which covers the meaning of the other words.
The other words are all hyponyms for types of a means of transport. |
| Give one examples of each of these: homonym homograph homophone and explain the characteristics of each. |
Homonyms (having the same
spelling and pronunciation but different
meanings). For example:
I like to lie on the beach (be horizontal) Don't lie to me (say something untrue) Homographs (having the same spelling but different pronunciations): The couple are always rowing The man was rowing his boat Homophones (having the same pronunciation but different spellings) She went to see the sights (tourist attractions) The city had many building sites (places for something) |
| Give one examples of each of these: word family lexical set lexical field and explain the characteristics of each. |
Word
family (a collection of
words all formed from the same base or root):
happy, happiness, unhappy, happily, unhappiness Lexical set (words associated with same thing): nurse, doctor, porter, anaesthetist, sister, matron etc. Lexical field (words occurring in the same topic area) class, teacher, pupil, lesson, form, study, learn, educate etc. |
| Give an example of a cognate word
in two languages and explain the meaning of 'cognate'. |
The word
cognate refers to words which are
similar in form and
meaning in two languages because the languages are
related.
Examples are: land (English) and das Land (German) referring to a piece of the country administración (Spanish) and administration (French) tree (English) and träd (Swedish) |
| Give an example of a false friend
in two languages and explain the meaning of 'false friend'. |
False
friends are cognate words which
do not have the same
meanings in both languages.
Examples are: stove (English [a heating device]) and die Stube (German [a warm room]) apart (Japanese [apartment house]) and apart (English [separated]) kandidaat (Dutch [university graduate]) and candidate (English [someone standing for a position or job]) |
| Explain the difference between
passive and active vocabulary. |
Passive
vocabulary describes the words a learner
recognises and understands
but cannot use
accurately.
Active vocabulary describes the words a learner can understand and use accurately. |
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